It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area. The neighbouring countries are Papua New GuineaIndonesia and East Timor to the north; the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east. Australia's capital is Canberraand its largest urban area is Sydney. For about 50, years [14] before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, [15] [16] Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians[17] who spoke languages classifiable into roughly groups.

The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the s most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established. On 1 Januarythe six colonies federatedforming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states and several territories.

The population of 24 million [6] is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard. Australia has the world's 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income IMF. Until the early 19th century, Australia was best known as " New Holland ", a name first applied by the Dutch explorer Abel Tasman in as Nieuw-Holland and subsequently anglicised. Terra Australis still saw occasional usage, such as in scientific texts.

Colloquial names for Australia include " Oz " and "the Land Down Under" usually shortened to just " Down Under ". Other epithets include "the Great Southern Land", " the Lucky Country ", "the Sunburnt Country", and "the Wide Brown Land". The latter two both derive from Dorothea Mackellar 's poem " My Country ".

Human habitation of the Australian continent is estimated to have begun between 42, and 48, years ago, [36] [37] possibly with the migration of people by land bridges and short sea-crossings from what is now Southeast Asia. These first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians.

The Torres Strait Islandersethnically Melanesianwere originally horticulturists and hunter-gatherers. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent inare attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. With the loss of its American colonies inthe British Government sent a fleet of ships, the " First Fleet ", under the command of Captain Arthur Phillipto establish a new penal colony in New South Wales.

A camp was set up and the flag raised at Sydney CovePort Jacksonon 26 January[16] a date which became Australia's national day, Australia Dayalthough the British Crown Colony of New South Wales was not formally promulgated until 7 February The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydneyand the exploration and settlement of other regions. A British settlement was established in Van Diemen's Landnow known as Tasmania, inand it became a separate colony in South Australia inVictoria inand Queensland in The indigenous population, estimated to have been betweenand 1, in[53] declined for years following settlement, mainly due to infectious disease.

A gold rush began in Australia in the early s [59] and the Eureka Rebellion against mining licence fees in was an early expression of civil disobedience. On 1 Januaryfederation of the colonies was achieved after a decade of planning, consultation and voting. Melbourne was the temporary seat of government from to while Canberra was being constructed. Britain's Statute of Westminster formally ended most of the constitutional links between Australia and the UK.

Australia adopted it in[76] but it was backdated to to confirm the validity of legislation passed by the Australian Parliament during World War II. Since the s and following the abolition of the White Australia policyimmigration from Asia and elsewhere was also promoted.

Since the election of the Whitlam Government in[84] there has been an increasing focus in foreign policy on ties with other Pacific Rim nations, while maintaining close ties with Australia's traditional allies and trading partners. Surrounded by the Indian and Pacific oceans, [N 6] it is separated from Asia by the Arafura and Timor seas, with the Coral Sea lying off the Queensland coast, and the Tasman Sea lying between Australia and New Zealand.

The world's smallest continent [88] and sixth largest country by total area[89] Australia—owing to its size and isolation—is often dubbed the "island continent", [90] and is sometimes considered the world's largest island.

This exclusive economic zone does not include the Australian Antarctic Territory. Mount Augustusclaimed to be the world's largest monolith, [95] is located in Western Australia. Australia's size gives it a wide variety of landscapes, with tropical rainforests in the north-east, mountain ranges in the south-east, south-west and east, and dry desert in the centre. Eastern Australia is marked by the Great Dividing Rangewhich runs parallel to the coast of Queensland, New South Wales and much of Victoria.

The northernmost point of the east coast is the tropical-rainforested Cape York Peninsula. The landscapes of the Top End and the Gulf Country —with their tropical climate—include forest, woodlandwetland, grasslandrainforest and desert. To the south of these and inland, lie more areas of grassland: Prominent features of the centre and south include Uluru also known as Ayers Rockthe famous sandstone monolith, and the inland SimpsonTirari and Sturt StonyGibsonGreat Sandy, Tanamiand Great Victoria deserts, with the famous Nullarbor Plain on the southern coast.

Much of the northern part of the country has a tropical, predominantly summer-rainfall monsoon [] The south-west corner of the country has a Mediterranean climate. The interior is arid to semi-arid. Australia's carbon dioxide emissions per capita are among the highest in the world, lower than those of only a few other industrialised nations.

Although most of Australia is semi-arid or desert, it includes a diverse range of habitats from alpine heaths to tropical rainforestsand is recognised as a megadiverse country.

Feral cats may have been introduced in the 17th century by Dutch shipwrecks, and later in the 18th century by European settlers. They are now considered a major factor in the decline and extinction of many vulnerable and endangered native species.

Australian forests are mostly made up of evergreen species, particularly eucalyptus trees in the less arid regions; wattles replace them as the dominant species in drier regions and deserts. Many of Australia's ecoregions, and the species within those regions, are threatened by human activities and introduced animal, chromistanfungal and plant species.

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Australia is a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy [] with Elizabeth II at its apex as the Queen of Australiaa role that is distinct from her position as monarch of the other Commonwealth realms. The Queen is represented in Australia by the Governor-General at the federal level and by the Governors at the state level, who by convention act on the advice of her ministers.

The Governor-General does have extraordinary reserve powers which may be exercised outside the Prime Minister's request in rare and limited circumstances, the most notable exercise of which was the dismissal of the Whitlam Government in the constitutional crisis of The federal government is separated into three branches:. In the Senate the upper housethere are 76 senators: Australia's electoral system uses preferential voting for all lower house elections with the exception of Tasmania and the ACT which, along with the Senate and most state upper houses, combine it with proportional representation in a system known as the single transferable vote.

Voting is compulsory for all enrolled citizens 18 years and over in every jurisdiction, [] as is enrolment with the exception of South Australia. In cases where no party has majority support, the Governor-General has the constitutional power to appoint the Prime Minister and, if necessary, dismiss one that has lost the confidence of Parliament.

There are two major political groups that usually form government, federally and in the states: In SeptemberMalcolm Turnbull successfully challenged Abbott for leadership of the Coalition, and was sworn in as the 29th Prime Minister of Australia.

Australia has six states— New South Wales NSWQueensland QLDSouth Australia SATasmania TASVictoria VIC and Western Australia WA —and two major mainland territories—the Australian Capital Territory ACT and the Northern Territory NT. In most respects these two territories function as states, except that the Commonwealth Parliament has the power to modify or repeal any legislation passed by the territory parliaments.

Under the constitution, the States essentially have plenary legislative power to legislate on any subject, whereas the Commonwealth federal Parliament may only legislate within the subject areas enumerated under section For example, State parliaments have the power to legislate with respect to education, criminal law and state police, health, transport, and local government, but the Commonwealth Parliament does not have any specific power to legislate in these areas.

Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament — unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution.

The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania ; the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister.

The Queen is represented in each state by a Governor ; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands ; Australian Antarctic Territory ; Christmas Island ; Cocos Keeling Islands ; Coral Sea Islands ; Heard Island and McDonald Islands ; and Jervis Bay Territorya naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. Over recent decades, Australia's foreign relations have been driven by a close association with the United States through the ANZUS pactand by a desire to develop relationships with Asia and the Pacific, particularly through ASEAN and the Pacific Islands Forum.

In Australia secured an inaugural seat at the East Asia Summit following its accession to the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asiaand in attended the Sixth East Asia Summit in Indonesia. Australia is a member of the Commonwealth of Nationsin which the Commonwealth Heads of Government meetings provide the main forum for co-operation. Australia has pursued the cause of international trade liberalisation.

Along with New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Malaysia and Singapore, Australia is party to the Five Power Defence Arrangementsa regional defence agreement. A founding member country of the United Nations, Australia is strongly committed to multilateralism [] and maintains an international aid program under which some 60 countries receive assistance. Australia's armed forces—the Australian Defence Force ADF —comprise the Royal Australian Navy RANthe Australian Army and the Royal Australian Air Force RAAFin total numbering 81, personnel including 57, regulars and 23, reservists as of November The titular role of Commander-in-Chief is vested in the Governor-Generalwho appoints a Chief of the Defence Force from one of the armed services on the advice of the government.

Australia is a wealthy country; it generates its income from various sources including mining-related exports, telecommunications, banking and manufacturing.

In terms of average wealth, Australia ranked second in the world after Switzerland inalthough the nation's poverty rate increased from The Australian dollar is the currency for the nation, including Christmas Island, Cocos Keeling Islands, and Norfolk Island, as well as the independent Pacific Island states of KiribatiNauruand Tuvalu. With the merger of the Australian Stock Exchange and the Sydney Futures Exchange, the Australian Securities Exchange became the ninth largest in the world.

An emphasis on exporting commodities rather than manufactured goods has underpinned a significant increase in Australia's terms of trade since the start of the 21st century, due to rising commodity prices. Australia was the only advanced economy not to experience a recession due to the global financial downturn in — The Hawke Government floated the Australian dollar in and partially deregulated the financial system.

In Maythere were 11, people employed either full- or part-timewith an unemployment rate of 5. InNewstart unemployment allowance recipients were registered, a total that increased toin March Australia's largest export markets are Japan, China, the US, South Korea, and New Zealand. Until the Second World Warthe vast majority of settlers and immigrants came from the British Isles, and a majority of Australians have some British or Irish ancestry.

In the Australian census, the most commonly nominated ancestries were English Australia's population has quadrupled since the end of World War I, [] much of this increase from immigration. Following World War II and through toalmost 5. The Indigenous population— Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders —was counted at2. Indigenous Australians experience higher than average rates of imprisonment and unemployment, lower levels of education, and life expectancies for males and females that are, respectively, 11 and 17 years lower than those of non-indigenous Australians.

In common with many other developed countries, Australia is experiencing a demographic shift towards an older population, with more retirees and fewer people of working age. Inthe average age of the civilian population was Although Australia has no official language, English has always been entrenched as the de facto national language. The next most common languages spoken at home are Mandarin 1. A — study by the Australia Early Development Index found the most common language spoken by children after Td ameritrade cost to trade options was Arabic, followed by Vietnamese, Greek, Chinese, and Hindi.

Over Indigenous Australian languages are thought to have existed at the time of first European contact, of which less than 20 are still in daily use by all age groups.

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Australia has no state religion ; Section of the Australian Constitution prohibits the federal government from making any law to establish any religion, impose any religious observance, or prohibit the free exercise of any religion. Before European settlement, the animist beliefs of Australia's indigenous people had been stock market nike inc for many thousands of years.

Mainland Aboriginal Australians ' spirituality is known as the Dreamtime and it places a heavy emphasis on belonging to the land. The collection of stories that it contains shaped Aboriginal law and customs. Aboriginal artstory and dance continue to draw on these spiritual traditions. The spirituality and customs of Torres Strait Islanderswho inhabit the islands between Australia and New Guinea, reflected their Melanesian origins and dependence on the sea.

The Australian census counted more than respondents as followers of a traditional Aboriginal religion. Since the arrival of the First Fleet of British ships inChristianity has grown to be the major religion practised in Australia.

Christian churches have played an integral role in the development of education, health and welfare services in Australia.

For much of Australian history the Church of England now known as the Anglican Church of Australia was the largest religious denomination. However, multicultural immigration has contributed to a decline in its relative position, and the Roman Catholic Church has benefitted from recent immigration to become the largest group. Similarly, IslamBuddhismHinduism and Judaism have all grown in Australia over the past half-century. Australia has one of the lowest levels of religious adherence in the world.

Australia has the third and seventh highest life expectancy of males and females respectively in the world. Ranked second in preventable causes is hypertension at 7. Total expenditure on health including private sector spending is around 9. School attendance, or registration for home schooling, [] is compulsory throughout Australia.

Education is the responsibility of the individual states and territories [] so the rules vary between states, but in general children are required to attend school from the age of about 5 until about Catholic education accounts for the largest non-government sector.

Australia has 37 government-funded universities and two private universities, as well as a number of other specialist institutions that provide approved courses at the higher education level.

The ratio of international to animal shelters stockton california students in tertiary education in Australia is the highest in the OECD countries. Sincethe primary influence behind Australian culture has been Anglo-Celtic Western culturewith some Indigenous influences.

Indigenous Australian rock art is the oldest and richest in the world, dating as far back as 60, years and spread across hundreds of thousands of sites. Australian literature grew slowly in the decades following European settlement though Indigenous oral traditionsmany of which have since been recorded in writing, are much older.

Their works are still popular; Paterson's bush poem " Waltzing Matilda " is regarded as Australia's unofficial national anthem. Many of Australia's performing arts companies receive funding through the federal government's Australia Council.

Each state has a publicly funded theatre company. The Story of the Kelly Gangthe world's first feature length film, spurred a boom in Australian cinema during the silent film era. Australia has two public broadcasters the Australian Broadcasting Corporation and the multicultural Special Broadcasting Servicethree commercial television networks, several pay-TV services, [] and numerous public, non-profit television and radio stations.

Each major city has at least one daily newspaper, [] and there are two national daily newspapers, The Australian and The Australian Financial Review. Most Indigenous Australian tribal groups subsisted on a simple hunter-gatherer diet of native fauna and flora, otherwise called bush tucker. Australia is also known for its cafe and coffee mortgage rates stock market relationship in urban centreswhich has influenced coffee culture abroad, including New York City.

Australia is unique in that it has forexyard iphone app leagues for four football codes. Australian rules footballthe world's oldest major football code and Australia's most popular sport in terms of revenue and spectatorship, originated in Melbourne in the late s, and predominates in all states except New South Wales and Queensland, where rugby league holds sway, followed by rugby union.

Soccerwhile ranked fourth in popularity and resources, has the highest overall participation rates. Australia is a powerhouse in water-based sports, should you buy boeing stock as swimming and surfing. The annual Melbourne Cup horse race and the Sydney to Hobart yacht race attract intense interest. Australia is one of five nations to have participated in every Summer Olympics of the modern era, [] and has hosted the Games twice: As well as being a regular FIFA World Cup participant, Australia has won the OFC Nations Cup four times and the AFC Asian Cup once — the only country to have won championships in two different FIFA confederations.

Other major international events held in Australia include the Australian Open tennis grand slam tournament, international cricket matches, and the Australian Formula One Grand Prix.

The highest-rating television programs include sports telecasts such as the Summer Olympics, FIFA World Cup, The AshesRugby League State of Originand the grand finals of the National Rugby League and Australian Football League. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the country. For the continent, see Australia continent. For other uses, see Australia disambiguation.

Australian Aussie colloquial [4] [5]. Barkly square anzac day trading hours exploration of Australia. Geography of AustraliaEnvironment of Australiaand Geology of Australia. Environmental issues in Australia. Fauna of AustraliaFlora of Australiaand Fungi of Australia.

Government of Australia and Politics of Australia. Malcolm TurnbullPrime Minister. Sir Peter CosgroveGovernor-General. States and territories of Australia.

Australia - Wikipedia

Foreign relations of Australia and Australian Defence Force. Economic history of AustraliaMedian household income in Australia and New Zealandand Transport in Australia. Demographics of Australia and List of cities in Australia by population. Largest cities or towns in Australia June Australian Pediatric nurse triage jobs from home of Statistics estimates [].

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ISBN paperback, ISBN hardback. Find more about Australia at Wikipedia's sister projects. This audio file was created from a revision of the " Australia " article datedand does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. Articles related to Australia. Timeline Bibliography Prehistory Archaeology European Exploration — — — Since Constitutional Diplomatic Economic Federation Immigration Indigenous Military Monarchy Railway.

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Associated states of New Zealand. Dependencies and other territories. Ashmore and Cartier Islands Christmas Island Cocos Keeling Islands Coral Sea Islands Norfolk Island. American Samoa Baker Island Guam Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Atoll Northern Mariana Islands Wake Island. Click on a coloured area to see an article about English in that country or region.

English-speaking world History of the English language British Empire English in the Commonwealth of Nations. List of countries by English-speaking population List of countries where English is an official language. Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority. Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha.

Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Dominica Falkland Islands Grenada Guyana Jamaica Montserrat Saba Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States United States Virgin Islands.

Guernsey Ireland Isle of Man Jersey United Kingdom. Australia New Zealand Norfolk Island Pitcairn Islands. Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language. Botswana Cameroon The Gambia Ghana Kenya Lesotho Liberia Malawi Mauritius Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Sierra Leone Somaliland South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe.

Christmas Island Cocos Keeling Islands Hong Kong Special Administrative Region India Pakistan Philippines Singapore. American Samoa Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tuvalu Vanuatu. Dependencies shown in italics. Commonwealth realms and dominions. Antigua and Barbuda monarchy Australia monarchy Bahamas monarchy Barbados monarchy Belize monarchy Canada monarchy Grenada monarchy Jamaica monarchy Realm of New Zealand Cook Islands New Zealand Niue Papua New Guinea monarchy Saint Kitts and Nevis monarchy Saint Lucia monarchy Saint Vincent and the Grenadines monarchy Solomon Islands monarchy Tuvalu monarchy United Kingdom monarchy.

Ceylon Fiji monarchy The Gambia Ghana Guyana India 1 Ireland 1 monarchy Kenya Malawi Malta Mauritius Newfoundland 2 Nigeria Pakistan Rhodesia 3 Sierra Leone South Africa monarchy Tanganyika Trinidad and Tobago Uganda.

Declared itself a republic in Members of the Commonwealth of Nations.

Antigua and Barbuda Australia Bahamas Bangladesh Barbados Belize Botswana Brunei Cameroon Canada Cyprus Dominica Fiji Ghana Grenada Guyana India Jamaica Kenya Kiribati Lesotho Malawi Malaysia Malta Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Nauru New Zealand Nigeria Pakistan Papua New Guinea Rwanda St. Kitts and Nevis St. Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Solomon Islands South Africa Sri Lanka Swaziland Tanzania Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tuvalu Uganda United Kingdom Vanuatu Zambia.

Ashmore and Cartier Islands Australian Antarctic Territory Christmas Island Cocos Keeling Islands Coral Sea Islands Heard Island and McDonald Islands Norfolk Island. Cook Islands Niue Ross Dependency Tokelau. Akrotiri and Dhekelia Anguilla Bermuda British Antarctic Territory British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Falkland Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Montserrat Pitcairn Islands St. Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands.

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